L'énergie des vagues : une source d'énergie infinie

Introduction: The Power of Wave Energy

As the world continues its transition towards renewable energies, wave energy has emerged as a promising power source. Wave energy is derived from the kinetic energy generated by the movement of waves across the ocean’s surface, making it a continuous and powerful source of renewable energy. The oceans cover over 70% of the Earth’s surface, with wave energy densities significantly higher than other renewable sources like wind or solar. In Europe, particularly in countries with extensive coastlines, wave energy has been increasingly studied and developed. This article will explore the different technologies used to harness wave energy, their applications on both small and large scales, the latest advancements, and the future perspectives of this exciting renewable resource.

Wave Energy Technologies

Several technologies have been developed to capture and convert wave energy into a conventional power source: electricity. These technologies are designed to suit different environments, water depths, and wave conditions.

1. Point Absorbers

• Description: Point absorbers are floating devices that move with the rise and fall of the waves. They convert the vertical movement of the waves into mechanical energy, which is then transformed into electricity using hydraulic or other mechanical systems.
• Exemple: Le Wavebob is a well-known point absorber system developed in Ireland. The system is designed to harness wave energy at a utility-scale level and can generate between 500 kW to 1 MW depending on wave conditions.
• Cost: The capital cost of point absorber systems ranges from €3,500 to €5,000 per kW of installed capacity, making it a cost-effective option for large-scale energy generation, especially in areas with high wave intensity like the Atlantic coast of Europe.

2. Oscillating Water Columns (OWC)

• Description: OWCs use a partially submerged structure with an air chamber that captures the movement of waves. As the waves enter the chamber, the water forces the air to flow through a turbine, which drives a generator to produce electricity.
• Exemple: Le LIMPET (Land Installed Marine Powered Energy Transformer) on the Isle of Islay in Scotland is one of the pioneering OWC systems. It has been operating since 2000 with a capacity of 500 kW.
• Cost: The cost of OWC systems is around €4,500 per kW, but their longevity and low maintenance requirements make them attractive for coastal installations.

3. Attenuators

• Description: Attenuators are long, multi-segmented floating structures aligned parallel to the direction of the waves. As waves pass along the device, the segments flex and bend, converting the wave motion into electricity.
• Exemple: Le Pelamis Wave Energy Converter, initially developed in the UK, is a prominent example. The Pelamis device had a peak capacity of 750 kW and was installed in Portugal’s Agucadoura Wave Park.
• Cost: Attenuator systems generally cost around €4,000 to €6,000 per kW of installed capacity.

4. Oscillating Wave Surge Converters

• Description: These devices capture energy from the horizontal movement of waves near the shore. They use flaps or paddles attached to the seabed that move with the motion of the waves and drive hydraulic pumps or generators.
• Exemple: Le Aquamarine Power Oyster was an oscillating wave surge converter deployed off the coast of Scotland. The device has a capacity of 800 kW to harness energy from shallow waters.
• Cost: These systems have an installation cost ranging from €4,500 to €7,000 per kW, making them suitable for nearshore applications.

Applications of Wave Energy

Small-Scale Applications

Wave energy can be effectively utilized on a smaller scale for specific applications as a power source, especially in isolated coastal communities or offshore operations where grid access is limited.

1. Remote Coastal Communities: For small, off-grid communities, wave energy offers a sustainable solution to power homes, water desalination systems, or communication towers. For example, Wave Energy Scotland has worked on projects designed to deliver wave energy to the Orkney Islands.
2. Offshore Platforms and Aquaculture: Wave energy systems can provide reliable power for offshore oil and gas platforms, as well as for aquaculture farms, where energy demands are high but traditional power sources are limited.
3. Cost: Small-scale wave energy systems typically range from €2,000 to €6,000 per kW depending on the type of technology and local wave conditions.

Large-Scale Applications

Utility-scale wave energy farms are being developed worldwide, with significant potential in areas with strong, consistent wave activity.

1. Grid-Connected Power Plants: Large-scale wave energy farms like the one planned in Portugal’s Aguçadoura Wave Farm are designed to feed directly into national grids. The Aguçadoura project, which utilized Pelamis wave converters, had an initial capacity of 2.25 MW with expansion plans.
2. Hybrid Renewable Energy Projects: Wave energy combination with wind and solar to create hybrid renewable energy farms. Such projects ensure a more constant supply of power, as waves continue to generate energy even when solar or wind power is low.
3. Cost: Large-scale wave energy projects typically range from €3,000 to €7,000 per kW for installation, depending on the type of technology and the complexity of the project.

Latest Developments and Innovations

1. Europe Leading the Way: Europe is at the forefront of wave energy development, with countries like the UK, Spain, Portugal, and Norway making significant strides. The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC), located in Orkney, Scotland, serves as a global testbed for wave and tidal energy devices. In 2022, EMEC hosted projects testing new technologies such as the CETO system, which converts wave energy into both electricity and freshwater through desalination.
2. Hybrid Wave and Wind Farms: Companies like Eco Wave Power in Sweden have been developing hybrid energy farms that combine wave and wind energy. These projects are proving successful, especially in locations like Gibraltar, where wave energy is used to complement wind turbines during low-wind periods.
3. Energy Islands: Denmark is spearheading the concept of energy islands, which will serve as hubs for multiple types of renewable energy, including wind and wave. These islands will store and distribute energy to various countries, optimizing energy output and reducing transmission losses.
4. Cost Reductions and Efficiencies: As technology matures, the cost of wave energy is expected to decrease. A report by Ocean Energy Europe estimates that the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for wave energy could fall to €150/MWh by 2030, making it competitive with other forms of renewable energy.

Economic Viability and Costs

Wave energy’s upfront capital costs are relatively high, compared to wind or solar. However, the long-term benefits include:

• Higher energy density, which means a smaller installation can generate more energy than an equivalent wind or solar farm.
• Minimal environmental impact compared to offshore wind farms, as wave energy devices are often less visible and less intrusive to marine life.

The estimated cost of wave energy currently sits between €150 and €250/MWh, depending on the location, technology, and installation scale. This cost is expected to decrease as research progresses and economies of scale are realized. Europe has already invested over €1.5 billion in wave and tidal energy development, and future investments are projected to rise as countries push to meet the EU Green Deal targets.

Conclusion: The Future of Wave Energy

Wave energy represents a promising power source if harnessed effectively, could become a cornerstone of the renewable energy mix. While challenges remain, particularly regarding cost and the development of robust, durable technologies, the potential is vast. Countries with extensive coastlines are in front position to lead the wave energy revolution. With advancements in technology, reductions in cost, and continued government support, wave energy could play a critical role in reducing global carbon emissions and ensuring energy security for future generations.

In the coming decades, as wave energy matures, it could become a key player in the global energy market, providing reliable, clean energy to millions of people worldwide.