{"id":1162,"date":"2022-09-30T19:39:55","date_gmt":"2022-09-30T19:39:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/planitpower.com\/?p=1162"},"modified":"2024-09-29T15:08:37","modified_gmt":"2024-09-29T15:08:37","slug":"concepts-de-construction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/planitpower.com\/fr\/concepts-de-construction\/","title":{"rendered":"Concepts des b\u00e2timents: Ce quoi vous devez savoir"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/planitpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/640-two-workers-inspecting-a-construction-site.jpg?resize=640%2C427&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1163\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/planitpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/640-two-workers-inspecting-a-construction-site.jpg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/planitpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/640-two-workers-inspecting-a-construction-site.jpg?resize=18%2C12&amp;ssl=1 18w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/planitpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/640-two-workers-inspecting-a-construction-site.jpg?resize=450%2C300&amp;ssl=1 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Un jeune ing\u00e9nieur portant un casque lors de l&#039;inspection des travaux<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Beaucoup de gens ont l\u2019intention d\u2019investir dans un nouveau b\u00e2timent mais h\u00e9sitent encore \u00e0 choisir les concepts de construction qu\u2019ils doivent consid\u00e9rer!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">La turbulence actuelle du secteur \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, la rar\u00e9faction des combustibles fossiles et leur impact important sur notre environnement ont oblig\u00e9 de nombreuses personnes \u00e0 pr\u00eater davantage attention \u00e0 ce probl\u00e8me et ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 faire \u00e9merger une prise de conscience publique en faveur d&#039;une utilisation plus durable de l&#039;\u00e9nergie. Construire une nouvelle maison personnelle est un investissement de vie et a un impact important sur vos futures factures d&#039;\u00e9nergie. Voyons ensemble quels sont les principaux concepts de construction durable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Maison passive<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Les b\u00e2timents passifs sont les principaux concepts de construction durable qui s&#039;adaptent \u00e0 toutes les conditions climatiques. L&#039;objectif est de construire des maisons et des b\u00e2timents plus confortables, plus respectueux de l&#039;environnement et plus abordables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Mais pour \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme passif, un b\u00e2timent doit r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 certaines exigences :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2013 Chauffage des locaux :\u00a0<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">La demande \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique pour le chauffage des locaux ne doit pas d\u00e9passer 15 kWh\/m2 de surface habitable utilisable par an (kWh\/m\u00b2\/an).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2013 Refroidissement des locaux : <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Les besoins en refroidissement des locaux doivent \u00eatre inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 15 kWh\/m\u00b2 par an.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2013 Demande en \u00e9nergie primaire : <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique totale : La consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique totale ne doit pas d\u00e9passer 120 kWh\/m\u00b2\/an. Cela comprend toutes les consommations \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques de la maison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2013 \u00c9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019air :\u00a0<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Le b\u00e2timent doit atteindre un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 d&#039;\u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#039;air. Lors d&#039;un test de pression (Blower Door Test), les renouvellements d&#039;air par heure (n50) doivent \u00eatre inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 0,6 \u00e0 50 Pa (diff\u00e9rence de pression). Cela permet d&#039;\u00e9viter les pertes de chaleur par fuite d&#039;air.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2013 Confort thermique :\u00a0<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Les espaces de vie doivent \u00eatre confortables toute l&#039;ann\u00e9e, avec un maximum de 10 % des heures au cours d&#039;une ann\u00e9e donn\u00e9e d\u00e9passant 25 \u00b0C, garantissant ainsi que le refroidissement ne soit pas trop sollicit\u00e9 pendant l&#039;\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2013 <strong>Ventilation avec r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration de chaleur<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Un syst\u00e8me de ventilation m\u00e9canique avec r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration de chaleur (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement 75%-95%) est essentiel pour maintenir la qualit\u00e9 de l&#039;air et minimiser les pertes d&#039;\u00e9nergie dues \u00e0 la ventilation. L&#039;air frais est fourni sans perte de chaleur, ce qui r\u00e9duit le besoin de chauffage suppl\u00e9mentaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2013 <strong>Valeurs U (isolation thermique)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Les maisons passives n\u00e9cessitent une isolation sup\u00e9rieure pour minimiser les pertes de chaleur. <strong>Valeur U<\/strong> (transmission thermique) des fen\u00eatres, des murs, du toit et des planchers doit \u00eatre aussi faible que possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Les fen\u00eatres ont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un <strong>Valeur U inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 0,8 W\/(m\u00b2K)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Les murs, les toits et les sols doivent \u00e9galement \u00eatre hautement isol\u00e9s, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement en dessous <strong>0,15 W\/(m\u00b2K)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2013 <strong>Gains de chaleur solaire et ombrage<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">La maison doit \u00eatre con\u00e7ue pour maximiser <strong>gains de chaleur solaire<\/strong> en hiver (gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une orientation et un placement optimal des fen\u00eatres) tout en utilisant des techniques d&#039;ombrage pour \u00e9viter la surchauffe en \u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2013 <strong>Certification Maison Passive<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Pour obtenir <strong>Certification Maison Passive<\/strong>Les b\u00e2timents doivent respecter ces mesures de performance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et de qualit\u00e9 de l&#039;air et \u00eatre soumis \u00e0 des tests et \u00e0 une v\u00e9rification par un organisme de certification accr\u00e9dit\u00e9 (par exemple, le Passive House Institute).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/97\/Passive-house_scheme_HQ.png\/800px-Passive-house_scheme_HQ.png?20091008120425\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:591px;height:436px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wikimedia : Maison passive<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 ces exigences, les architectes utilisent une conception passive intelligente bas\u00e9e sur l&#039;orientation pour une gestion optimale du soleil et de l&#039;ombre ainsi que cinq grands principes :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2013 Optimisation de l\u2019orientation et de la forme du b\u00e2timent (compacit\u00e9)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2013 Isolation haute performance : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2013 Enveloppe de b\u00e2timent \u00e9tanche \u00e0 l\u2019air<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2013 Fen\u00eatres et vitrages hautes performances<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2013 Utilisation des \u00e9nergies renouvelables et des solutions de chauffage passif<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2013 Ombrage et surplombs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2013 Mat\u00e9riaux durables et d\u2019origine locale<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2013 Surveillance de l\u2019\u00e9nergie et syst\u00e8mes intelligents<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u2013 Conception et ex\u00e9cution minutieuses<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u00e2timent \u00e0 \u00e9nergie quasi nulle ou b\u00e2timent \u00e0 faible consommation d\u2019\u00e9nergie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Les b\u00e2timents \u00e0 consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique quasi nulle (nZEB) tels que d\u00e9finis dans la directive europ\u00e9enne sur la performance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique des b\u00e2timents ou encore les b\u00e2timents \u00e0 basse consommation d&#039;\u00e9nergie, tels que d\u00e9finis dans la directive, ont besoin de consommer tr\u00e8s peu d&#039;\u00e9nergie. La production d&#039;\u00e9nergie sur place \u00e0 partir de sources renouvelables couvre la petite partie r\u00e9siduelle. Aujourd&#039;hui, le concept de b\u00e2timent \u00e0 consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique quasi nulle (nZEB) a suscit\u00e9 une grande attention internationale. Il repr\u00e9sente la cible principale de la prochaine g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de b\u00e2timents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Cependant, les crit\u00e8res exacts pour d\u00e9finir si un b\u00e2timent est \u00e0 consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique quasi nulle ou non varient d&#039;un pays \u00e0 l&#039;autre. Par exemple, en Allemagne, un b\u00e2timent \u00e0 basse consommation doit consommer moins de 15 kWh\/m\u00b2 par an et ses besoins annuels en \u00e9nergie primaire doivent \u00eatre inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 120 kWh\/m\u00b2 par an, appareils \u00e9lectriques compris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u00e2timents a \u00e9nergie z\u00e9ro<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Un b\u00e2timent \u00e0 \u00e9nergie z\u00e9ro (ZEB), \u00e9galement connu sous le nom de b\u00e2timent \u00e0 \u00e9nergie nette z\u00e9ro (NZE), est un b\u00e2timent dont la consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique nette est nulle, ce qui signifie que la quantit\u00e9 totale d&#039;\u00e9nergie utilis\u00e9e par le b\u00e2timent sur une base annuelle est \u00e9gale \u00e0 la quantit\u00e9 d&#039;\u00e9nergie renouvelable cr\u00e9\u00e9e sur le site ou, dans d&#039;autres d\u00e9finitions, par des sources d&#039;\u00e9nergie renouvelables hors site, en utilisant des technologies telles que des pompes \u00e0 chaleur, des fen\u00eatres et une isolation \u00e0 haute efficacit\u00e9 et des panneaux solaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u00e2timent a \u00e9nergie positive<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Les b\u00e2timents \u00e0 \u00e9nergie positive nette sont techniquement r\u00e9alisables mais n\u00e9cessitent des investissements plus importants. La Commission europ\u00e9enne d\u00e9finit un b\u00e2timent \u00e0 \u00e9nergie positive nette comme un b\u00e2timent qui produit en moyenne sur l\u2019ann\u00e9e plus d\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e0 partir de sources d\u2019\u00e9nergie renouvelables qu\u2019il n\u2019en importe de sources externes. Cela est possible gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une combinaison de petits g\u00e9n\u00e9rateurs d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 et de techniques de construction \u00e0 faible consommation d\u2019\u00e9nergie, telles que la conception de b\u00e2timents solaires passifs, l\u2019isolation et une s\u00e9lection et un placement minutieux du site. \u00bb (Commission europ\u00e9enne, 2012.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Aux \u00c9tats-Unis, cependant, un b\u00e2timent \u00e0 \u00e9nergie positive nette est un b\u00e2timent qui g\u00e9n\u00e8re sur place ses propres besoins \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques \u00e0 partir de sources renouvelables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Les concepts de construction durables tels que les maisons passives, les b\u00e2timents \u00e0 consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique nette z\u00e9ro et d\u2019autres conceptions \u00e9conomes en \u00e9nergie repr\u00e9sentent l\u2019avenir de la construction. En privil\u00e9giant une consommation d\u2019\u00e9nergie minimale et en maximisant le confort des occupants, ces conceptions r\u00e9duisent la d\u00e9pendance aux syst\u00e8mes de chauffage et de climatisation traditionnels et favorisent l\u2019utilisation des \u00e9nergies renouvelables. Non seulement ces approches contribuent \u00e0 r\u00e9duire l\u2019impact environnemental, mais elles offrent \u00e9galement des \u00e9conomies financi\u00e8res \u00e0 long terme gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction des co\u00fbts \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques. Alors que les normes \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques mondiales et les r\u00e9glementations environnementales continuent d\u2019\u00e9voluer, l\u2019adoption de ces concepts de construction innovants est essentielle pour cr\u00e9er des communaut\u00e9s r\u00e9silientes et respectueuses de l\u2019environnement qui r\u00e9pondent aux d\u00e9fis \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques actuels et futurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">En adoptant les principes d\u2019efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, d\u2019\u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019air, d\u2019isolation thermique et de technologies intelligentes, les architectes et les constructeurs peuvent garantir que les maisons et les b\u00e2timents sont non seulement durables, mais am\u00e9liorent \u00e9galement la qualit\u00e9 de vie de leurs occupants.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Many people intend to invest in a new building but still hesitate in whose building concepts they need to consider! The actual turbulent energy scene, with rarefication of the fossil fuels, coupled with their high impact on our environment, forced many people to give more attention to this problem, and it started to appear a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1163,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,63],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1162","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-energy-efficiency","8":"category-smart-buildings"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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